Build a Group Travel Expense Splitter to Prevent Money Fights

Story: why groups argue over bills

Six friends plan a trip. One pays for bus tickets, another for food, another for hotel. At the end everyone asks, “Who owes whom?”

Your project creates fairness by calculations, not emotion.

What this project helps students learn

• participant management,
• per-person share,
• net balance,
• settlement list.

Practical steps

1. Input design

Record each expense with:

• payer,
• amount,
• participants,
• description.

2. Share split

Each expense share: share = amount / number_of_participants.

3. Build net balance

If a person paid more than personal share, they should receive. If paid less, they should pay.

4. Show results in plain table

Use readable format:

Amit: +120.00, Rina: -60.00, etc.

5. Rounding strategy

Round to 2 decimals and mention tiny rounding differences.

Sample function

def share(amount, people):
    return round(amount / people, 2)

Understanding the central idea

A useful beginner application takes a repeated real-world task and turns it into a predictable data flow. The learner sees how input, validation, storage, calculation, and reporting cooperate instead of practising each idea in isolation.

The purpose of this article is to connect that idea to a complete working flow. Individual commands matter, but the lasting skill is understanding why each part exists and how information moves from the user's action to a trustworthy result.

Begin with the nouns and verbs in the problem. The nouns usually become data—such as a user, transaction, note, file, or task—while the verbs become operations such as create, validate, calculate, update, and report. This simple translation gives the project a shape before framework or library choices distract from the core behaviour.

It also helps to separate facts from derived values. Store facts that arrived from a trusted input and calculate summaries from those facts when possible. Duplicating calculated totals in several places creates inconsistencies because one copy can change while another remains stale.

How the pieces work together

Represent one record clearly, validate it at the boundary, store it in a format the program can reload, and derive summaries from the stored records. Functions should separate these steps so a change to reporting does not accidentally change saved data.

Build the smallest successful path first. Keep input handling, core logic, storage, and presentation distinct even when they live in one file. This makes the project easier to explain today and easier to split into modules when it grows.

Validation belongs close to the boundary where new data enters. The core logic can then work with values that already satisfy basic rules. Persistence should receive a complete valid change, while presentation should translate the outcome into language the user understands. This order prevents a partially processed request from leaking into saved data.

Naming is part of the design. A function such as calculate_monthly_total communicates more than process, and a value such as normalised_category shows that a transformation has already happened. Clear names reduce the amount of state a beginner must remember while reading the code.

A realistic flow from start to finish

A tracker accepts one entry, normalises its date and category, rejects an invalid amount, saves the clean record, and recalculates the summary. Restarting the program and seeing the same result proves that persistence—not an in-memory list—is doing the work.

Follow one record through the whole system and inspect its value after every meaningful transformation. This is more instructive than copying a finished code listing because it reveals where assumptions enter the program and where an incorrect value would first become visible.

For the first implementation, use a tiny dataset that can be checked by hand. Three or four records are usually enough to expose ordering, totals, duplicates, and empty-state behaviour. Once the hand-calculated result agrees with the program, add a larger or messier input and observe which assumptions no longer hold.

Keep the successful flow visible in the interface or console output. The result should confirm what changed and include the identifier or summary needed for the next action. A generic message such as “done” hides useful evidence and makes later debugging unnecessarily difficult.

Reliability and common failure points

Use stable identifiers, write files atomically, keep a backup before destructive changes, and define behaviour for empty data, duplicates, malformed files, and interrupted writes. Clear messages should tell the user what was preserved and how to continue.

Treat error handling as part of the user experience. A useful error message says what failed, what remained safe, and what action can be taken next. During development, keep technical detail in logs while presenting concise recovery guidance to the reader or end user.

Test failures at the same layer that owns the rule. Input-format tests belong near validation, calculation examples belong near the core logic, and save-and-reload checks belong near persistence. This makes a failed test point toward one responsibility instead of forcing the learner to inspect the entire application.

Retries also need care. A retry should not create a duplicate record or repeat a payment-like action. Stable request identifiers, uniqueness rules, or an explicit check before writing make repeated actions safe. Even a beginner project benefits from understanding that users double-click buttons and networks repeat requests.

What a complete result demonstrates

The completed project should solve the original task with a small number of obvious actions, preserve data across restarts, and produce a report that helps the user decide what to do next.

At that point, improvements such as a richer interface, more automation, or cloud deployment become controlled extensions rather than substitutes for an unfinished core. The result is a project that teaches transferable reasoning as well as syntax.

Document the final flow in a short README with setup steps, one realistic example, expected output, and known limitations. This turns the project into something another person can run and review. It also reveals missing assumptions that were obvious only on the original developer's computer.

The best next improvement is the one supported by evidence from actual use. A confusing message may matter more than a new chart, and protecting saved data may matter more than adding another button. This prioritisation habit is one of the most valuable lessons an end-to-end project can teach.

Worked case study: from problem to evidence

This is an illustrative case study designed to make the engineering decisions concrete. It does not claim results from a named organisation; every conclusion follows from the described inputs and observable behaviour.

Starting situation

Four friends share transport, accommodation, and food, but different people pay at different times. Adding receipts reveals total spending but still does not produce a simple answer about who should pay whom.

Intervention

The tool records every expense and participant share, calculates each person's net balance against an equal or weighted allocation, and greedily matches debtors with creditors until remaining balances reach the rounding tolerance.

Evidence collected

A hand-checked trip with four expenses produces the same individual balances and a smaller settlement list. The sum of all final balances is zero, and repeating the calculation does not change stored expenses.

Practical lesson

Settlement is an accounting transformation, not another expense. Keeping source payments separate from derived transfers preserves traceability and makes disagreements easier to resolve.

A useful case study separates observation from opinion. The starting state records the problem, the intervention records what changed, and the evidence shows whether the change produced the intended behaviour. This structure helps readers evaluate an approach instead of accepting a success claim without support.

Test cases and expected behaviour

The following cases act as an executable specification. They are not questions for the reader; they state the conditions, expected outcomes, and reason each check matters.

Run the smallest test first and keep its input stable while repairing a failure. When it passes, add boundary and recovery cases. Changing code and test data simultaneously makes the source of improvement difficult to identify.

For automated tests, use the same arrange-act-assert pattern throughout the project. Arrange creates a known starting state, act performs one behaviour, and assert compares the observable result with the documented expectation. A good assertion checks the outcome that matters to the user, not an internal implementation detail that may change during refactoring.

Interpreting test failures

A failed test is evidence of a mismatch between the implemented behaviour and the written expectation. First confirm that the expectation represents the intended product rule. Next reduce the failure to the smallest input that still reproduces it, inspect the boundary between stages, and change one cause at a time.

Failures often reveal missing product decisions rather than typing mistakes. An empty value, repeated request, unavailable service, or partial save forces the application to choose a behaviour. Recording that decision in both the article and the test suite prevents future changes from silently reintroducing the same uncertainty.

The final test report should state the revision tested, environment, cases executed, results, and any untested limitation. That short record turns “it worked for me” into evidence another learner or reviewer can evaluate.